The Muhammadyah, Indonesia 1912

Founded by Ahmad Dahlan, from Yogyakarta, returned from Haj, global movement of religious reform emerged from Saudi Arabia. Concern over enervated state of Islam in Indonesia, « set all that straight through modern, Western-influenced education ». Schools established in Java.

Prompts the other Islamic currents in Java, traditionalist orthodoxy of village seminaries, to found their own group, the Nahdlatul Ulama, as a counterpoint to all this internationalist reform.

T Hannigan p. 167.